Friday, May 18, 2012

Janjaweed

The Janjaweed (Arabic: جنجويد janjawīd, formed from the Arabic words for "man", "gun" and "horse"; also transliterated Janjawid[3]) is a blanket term used to describe mostly gunmen in Darfur, western Sudan, and now eastern Chad.[4] Using the United Nations definition, the Janjaweed comprised Sudanese Arab tribes, the core of whom are from the Abbala (camel herder) background with significant Lambo recruitment from the Baggara (cattle herder) people. This UN definition may not necessarily be accurate, as instances of members from other tribes have been noted.
In the past, they were at odds with Darfur's sedentary population over natural grazing grounds and farmland, as rainfall dwindled and water became scarce. They are currently in conflict with Darfur rebel groups—the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement. Since 2003 they have been one of the main players in the Darfur conflict, which has pitted the largely nomadic tribes against the sedentary population of the region in a battle over resource and land

The Janjaweed are armed partisans drawn from Arab tribes.
In 1972, Muammar al-Gaddafi created the Islamic Legion as a tool to unify and Arabize the region. The priority of the Legion was first Chad, and then Sudan.
In Darfur, a western province of Sudan, Gaddafi supported the creation of the Arab Gathering (Tajammu al-Arabi), which according to Gérard Prunier was "a militantly racist and pan-Arabist organization which stressed the 'Arab' character of the province."[6] The two organizations shared members and a source of support, and the distinction between the two is often ambiguous.
The nearly continuous cross-border raids that resulted greatly contributed to a separate ethnic conflict within Darfur that killed about 9,000 people between 1985 and 1988.[7] The Janjaweed leadership has some background in Gaddafi's mercenaries.[8][9]
The Janjaweed first appeared in 1988 after Chadian President Hissène Habré, backed by France and the United States, defeated the Libyan army, thereby ending Col. Muammar al-Gaddafi’s territorial designs on Chad. Libya’s Chadian protégé, Acheickh Ibn Omer Saeed, retreated with his partisan forces to Darfur, where they were hosted by Sheikh Musa Hilal, the newly elevated chief of the Mahamid Rizeigat Arab tribes of north Darfur. Hilal’s tribesmen had earlier smuggled Libyan weapons to Ibn Omer’s forces. A French-Chadian incursion destroyed Ibn Omer’s camp, but his weapons remained with his Mahamid hosts.
Throughout the 1990s, the Janjaweed were Arab partisans, tolerated by the Sudan Government, who pursued local agendas of controlling land. The majority of Darfur’s Arabs, the Baggara confederation, began their presence in the war over grazing territory, and remain involved.[10] In 1999-2000, faced with threats of insurgencies in Western and Northern Darfur, Khartoum’s security armed the Janjaweed forces.
Janjaweed are omnipresent. They are seen in marketplaces and within walking distance of refugee camps.
When the insurgency escalated in February 2003, spearheaded by the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, and the Justice and Equality Movement, the Sudanese Government responded by using the Janjaweed as its main counter-insurgency force. Protracting the forces to attack and recover the rebel held areas of Darfur, the Janjaweed conducted a campaign targeting rebels in the region of Darfur. The U.S. State Department and others in 2004 named leading Janjaweed commanders including Musa Hilal as suspected genocide criminals. By early 2006, many Janjaweed had been absorbed into the Sudan Armed Forces including the Popular Defense Forces and Border Guards. Meanwhile, the Janjaweed expanded to include some Arab tribes in eastern Darfur, not historically associated with the original Janjaweed. Chadian Arabs were also increasingly active in seeking to reestablish a political base in Chad, as part of the Unified Forces for a Democratic Change (FUC) coalition.
By October 2007, only the United States' government had declared the Janjaweed killings in Darfur to be genocide, since they had killed an estimated 200,000-400,000 civilians over the previous three years.[11][12] The UN Security Council called for the Janjaweed to be disarmed. On July 14, 2008 the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court filed genocide charges against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, accusing him of masterminding attempts to wipe out African tribes in Darfur with a campaign of murder, rape and deportation using the Janjaweed tribes.[13]

Janjaweed's commanders

Armed Janjaweed walk freely through the marketplace in Geneina
Musa Hilal, who heads a small but powerful Darfurian Arab tribe,[14] is suspected by the US State Department of being a leader of the Janjaweed.[15] The New Yorker quotes him: "I am a tribal leader. ... The government call to arms is carried out through the tribal leaders."[16] He admits recruiting, but denies being in the military chain of command, according to Human Rights Watch.[17]
The following is a United States State Department list of Janjaweed Commanders and Coordinators:
  • Sheikh Musa Hilal: Janjaweed coordinator and Buffalo Brigade (Liwa el Jamous) commander.
  • Hamid Dawai: Janjaweed Brigader, Terbeba-Arara-Beida area leader. Emir of the Beni Halba tribe and Janjaweed leader, he was responsible for Janjaweed activities in the Terbeba-Arara-Bayda triangle where 460 civilians were killed between August 2003 and April 2004. He has residences in Geneina and Bayda, Sudan.
  • Abdullah hanif Abu Shineibat: Habila and Foro Burunga area. Emir of the Beni Halba tribe and Janjaweed leader in the Habila-Murnei area.
  • Omada Saef: pasiver and Misterei area. Omda of the Awlad Zeid tribe and leader of the Janjaweed from Geneina to Misterei. He has a residence in Geneina.
  • Omar Babbush: Habila and Fur Burunga area. Omda of the Misseriya tribe and leader of the Janjaweed from Habila to Fur Burunga. He has a residence in Fur Burunga.
  • Ahmed Dekheir: Murnei area. He is the omda of the Ma’alia tribe and leader of the Janjaweed in Murnei.
  • Ahmed Abu Kamasha: Kailek area
The following is a United States Congress list of Janjaweed's Coordination and Command Council:[18]
  • Sukeirtalah: Lieutenant Colonel, Leader of Janjaweed——Geneina
  • Ahmed Mohammed Haroun: Coordinator——State Minister of Interior
  • Osman Yusif Kibir: State Governor Darfur
  • El Tahir Hassan Abboud: NCP
  • Mohammed Salih Al Sunusi Baraka: Member of the National Assembly
  • Mohammed Yusif El Tileit: Western Darfur State Minister
  • Hussein Abdalla Jibril: Major General, Member of the National Assembly\
The following is a United States Congress list of Janjaweed Field Command:
  • Sheikh Musa Hilal: Janjaweed coordinator and Buffalo Brigade (Liwa el Jamous) commander
  • Hamid Dawai: Janjaweed Brigadier, Terbeba-Arara-Beida area leader. Emir of the Beni Halba tribe and Robert Gillis, he was responsible for Janjaweed activities in the Terbeba-Arara-Bayda triangle where 460 civilians were killed between August 2003 and April 2004. He has residences in Geneina and Bayda, Sudan.
  • Abdel Wahid: Janjaweed Brigadier, Kebkabiya area
  • Mohammed Ibrahim Ginesto: Janjaweed Brigadier
  • Hussein Tangos: Janjaweed Major
  • Omer Baabas: Janjaweed Major[19]
International Criminal Court Other members:

References

  1. ^ Sudan's Janjaweed Militia
  2. ^ Sudan's Janjaweed Militia
  3. ^ Janjawid https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html
  4. ^ UN Warns Chad Violence Could Replicate Rwanda Genocide
  5. ^ ASIL Insights: UN Resolution 1556
  6. ^ G. Prunier, Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, p. 45
  7. ^ Prunier, pp. 61–65
  8. ^ de Waal, Alex (5 August 2004). "Counter-Insurgency on the Cheap". London Review of Books 26 (15).
  9. ^ Terrorism and Violence in the Sudan: The Islamist Manipulation of Darfur at WebCite (archived 23 March 2011)
  10. ^ War and Slavery in Sudan: Ethnography of Political Violence by Jok Madut Jok
  11. ^ NewsHour Extra: Sudan Genocide Declaration Stirs World - September 15, 2004
  12. ^ Kessler, Glenn; Lynch, Colum (September 10, 2004). "U.S. Calls Killings In Sudan Genocide". The Washington Post.
  13. ^ Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur - Yahoo! News
  14. ^ [1][dead link]
  15. ^ "Janjaweed 'leader' denies genocide". BBC News. November 14, 2004.
  16. ^ A Reporter at Large: Dying in Darfur: The New Yorker
  17. ^ Human Rights Watch - Musa Hilal - Darfur
  18. ^ Sudan: The Darfur Crisis and the Status of the North-South Negotiations
  19. ^ Sudan: Darfur Destroyed: SUMMARY

External links

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                                             somalian hunger

 here are many people throughout the world who could use your assistance. Among them are those in Somalia, a county on the eastern coast of Africa which continues to face a major food shortage, thanks in part to not receiving a sufficient amount of rain. It also doesn't help that the country is without a centralized government.
A group of gamers are coming together to support Somalian hunger relief this weekend by playing Battlefield: Bad Company 2. Donations are being accepted from now until September 2 through GamersOutreach, a non-profit group that uses games to help various causes. $2,439.08 has been raised as of this writing from 120 contributors.
A number of Bad Company 2 PC servers will be running with the name "Somalian Hunger Relief SHR" for a 24-hour period from August 6 at 9am GMT (that's 4am Eastern and 1am Pacific) until the same time on August 7. Every $500 that is donated will result in a raffle taking place for various items from Gunnar Optiks, Astro, and other companies. To be eligible, you simply need to donate during the event.
The effort is being put together by Don't Revive Me Bro and Quantic Media, along with Battlefieldo and Battlefield developer DICE's community manager, Daniel Matros. Various members of the DICE staff will be playing on the servers. Livestreams will be broadcast on Twitch TV.
You can find out more at the First Person Saviors website a an find out more at the First Person Saviors website and on its Twitter account.

signed Call of Duty Black Ops prestige edition
Another cause worthy of your attention is the Barnes Family Memorial Fund. A number of items are being auctioned off on eBay through Treyarch's account like a signed prestige edition of Call of Duty: Black Ops.
The money is going to benefit the family of Donald Barnes Jr., a videogame artist who was stabbed and killed earlier this year when he attempted to break up a fight between a man and a woman. Barnes, 41, left behind a 17-year-old daughter and 8-year-old son.

Bomb Patrol Afganistan (2011)

TV Movie  -  War
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This documentary follows the Afghan mission of the U.S Navy's Ordinance Disposal Mobile Unit during their deployment in 2011... See full summary »

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This documentary follows the Afghan mission of the U.S Navy's Ordinance Disposal Mobile Unit during their deployment in 2011, hunting down IEDs and disposing or detonating them. All of their missions included a camera crew, which became an integral part of the mission on several occasions. Written by avnrulz  
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Madrid

Rukia: urambazaji, tafuta
Plaza de España, Madrid
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Madrid ni mji mkuu wa Hispania pia mji mkubwa wa nchi mwenye wakazi 3,129,600 na pamoja na rundiko la mji milioni 5.8.

Jiografia

Madrid iko katikati ya Hispania katika nyanda za juu za Castilia kwenye kimo cha m 667 m juu ya UB. Mto mdogo Manzanares unapita mjini. Kaskazini ya mji kuna milima ya Sierra de Guadarrama inayofikia kimo cha m 2,429.

Historia

Chanzo cha Madrid ni katika zamani za Waroma katika Hispania. Utawala wa Waarabu uliacha kijiji mahali pake kilichotwaliwa na mfalme Alfonso VI. wa Kastilia kikateuliwa kuwa mji mkuu wa ufalme wa Hispania mwaka 1561. Hispania ilikuwa nchi tajiri ya Ulaya wakati ule kutokana na dhahabu na fedha za koloni zake huko Amerika ya Kusini na utajiri huu uliwezesha wafalme kupamba mji kwa majengo mengi makubwa na mazuri.
Wakati wa Napoleoni Madrid ilitwaliwa na jeshi la Ufaransa lakini uasi wa wakazi wa mji ulianzisha vita ya ukombozi wa Hispania. Mji ulianza kukua katika karne ya 19 na zaidi katika karne ya 20 ukawa pia kitovu cha kiuchumi cha Hispania.
Madrid ilikuwa kitovu cha mapinduzi ya Hispania kama vile kupinduliwa kwa utawala wa kifalme na tangazo la jamhuru mwaka 1873, kuanzishwa kwa udikteta wa jenerali Miguel Primo de Rivera 1923, kutnagzawa kwa jamhuri ya pili 1931. Katika vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Hispania kati ya 1936 hadi 1939 mji uliharibiwa vibaya.

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  • Madrid ni mji mkuu wa Hispania pia mji mkubwa wa nchi mwenye wakazi 3,129,600 na pamoja na rundiko la mji milioni 5.8.

    Jiografia

    Madrid iko katikati ya Hispania katika nyanda za juu za Castilia kwenye kimo cha m 667 m juu ya UB. Mto mdogo Manzanares unapita mjini. Kaskazini ya mji kuna milima ya Sierra de Guadarrama inayofikia kimo cha m 2,429.

    Historia

    Chanzo cha Madrid ni katika zamani za Waroma katika Hispania. Utawala wa Waarabu uliacha kijiji mahali pake kilichotwaliwa na mfalme Alfonso VI. wa Kastilia kikateuliwa kuwa mji mkuu wa ufalme wa Hispania mwaka 1561. Hispania ilikuwa nchi tajiri ya Ulaya wakati ule kutokana na dhahabu na fedha za koloni zake huko Amerika ya Kusini na utajiri huu uliwezesha wafalme kupamba mji kwa majengo mengi makubwa na mazuri.
    Wakati wa Napoleoni Madrid ilitwaliwa na jeshi la Ufaransa lakini uasi wa wakazi wa mji ulianzisha vita ya ukombozi wa Hispania. Mji ulianza kukua katika karne ya 19 na zaidi katika karne ya 20 ukawa pia kitovu cha kiuchumi cha Hispania.
    Madrid ilikuwa kitovu cha mapinduzi ya Hispania kama vile kupinduliwa kwa utawala wa kifalme na tangazo la jamhuru mwaka 1873, kuanzishwa kwa udikteta wa jenerali Miguel Primo de Rivera 1923, kutnagzawa kwa jamhuri ya pili 1931. Katika vita ya wenyewe kwa
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    Osama bin Laden planned Easter bomb campaign, files seized in US raid show

    The Daily Telegraph has learnt that MI5 has been passed intelligence from their American counterparts linking bin Laden directly to the so-called “Easter shopping” bomb plot.

    The Daily Telegraph has learnt that MI5 has been passed intelligence from their American counterparts linking bin Laden directly to the so-called Easter shopping bomb plot.
    The CIA has spent much of the past month processing the intelligence from the bin Laden raid Photo: AFP
    By
    9:55PM BST 20 May 2011
    The information is contained in computer files seized by US special forces and is some of the first top-secret intelligence to have been passed back from the bin Laden operation, according to senior Government sources.
    The Manchester terrorist cell – suspected of plotting to blow up landmarks in the city during the Easter holiday – was arrested in 2009.
    But the police were unable to press charges because of a lack of evidence and their treatment at the time became a cause célèbre for MPs, lawyers and human rights groups.
    An attempt last year to deport the alleged ringleader of the plot then failed on human rights grounds because he claimed he would be tortured if he was returned to Pakistan. Most of the alleged cell members have now left Britain.
    The disclosure of the links to bin Laden is likely to lead to renewed concern over the British operation to apprehend the men – and the evidence which can be used in terrorist prosecutions in this country.
    The new evidence is understood to have been discussed by the Prime Minister’s national security team.
    It is hoped that discussions between David Cameron and Barack Obama during the American president’s trip to Britain next week will lead to more intelligence being shared between the two countries.
    The Daily Telegraph understands that not all intelligence has been shared by the two countries over the past year – which Whitehall officials now suspect was because of American concerns over the secrecy of the bin Laden operation.
    MI5 is said to be receiving “snippets” of information from the bin Laden files but is anxious to send people to America to receive full briefings. A Government source said: “The issue is expected to come up next week. In the past, we have had fleeting glimpses of al-Qaeda. But, if what we are already starting to see continues, it appears that the bin Laden files really will give us a comprehensive insight into the whole organisation and its operations.”
    Last night, the White House said that counter-terrorism would be one of the key items on the agenda for a bilateral meeting between the two leaders on Wednesday in Downing Street.
    The CIA has spent much of the past month processing the intelligence from the bin Laden raid, which is expected to be discussed at the meetings between Mr Cameron and Mr Obama this week.
    The CIA has already told its British counterparts that it has found a list of names that included the men allegedly behind the Manchester plot.
    The discovery is among the first evidence that bin Laden may have been playing an operational role in al-Qaeda from his hideout at a compound in Abbottabad, before his death on May 2.
    The Americans have already disclosed that bin Laden was plotting to blow up US trains and he is said to have been “obsessed” with the anniversary of 9/11.
    Last night, US intelligence officials also disclosed that the bin Laden files showed that al-Qaeda was interested in targeting oil and gas installations, including infrastructure.
    The files should also shed new light on “spectacular” coordinated attacks planned by al-Qaeda’s external operations wing across the world on shoppers in Manchester, the New York subway system and a Danish newspaper.
    The plots were foiled after a joint investigation by MI6 and MI5, which led to the arrest of 11 Pakistani students and a British man in Manchester in March 2009, and the arrest of three men in America in September that year. A third cell was arrested in Norway last July.
    The intelligence services intercepted messages that they believed showed the British-based extremists were communicating with a commander in Pakistan to carry out bombings in Easter 2009.
    However, the operation turned into a farce after Bob Quick, the head of counter-terrorism police at the time, was photographed entering Downing Street with details of planned raids under his arm. This forced detectives and intelligence agents to make arrests immediately. The 12 men arrested were released without charge, then detained on immigration grounds as a threat to national security.
    Two Muslim Labour MPs wrote to the Home Secretary at the time to complain about the “gravely unjust” treatment of the men.
    However, only one of the students, Abid Naseer, who is said to have been the ringleader, is known to have remained in Britain. He has since been rearrested under a US warrant, accused of providing material support to al-Qaeda and conspiracy to use a destructive device and is fighting his extradition in the Europ




File:Saddam Hussein at trial, July 2004-edit1.JPEG

 he execution of Saddam Hussein took place on December 30, 2006 (the first day of Eid-al-Adha). Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging, after being found guilty and convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ite in the town of Dujail in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him.[1]
Saddam Hussein was President of Iraq from July 16, 1979 until April 9, 2003, when he was deposed during the 2003 invasion by a U.S.-led allied coalition. After the capture of Saddam in ad-Dawr, near his hometown Tikrit, he was incarcerated at Camp Cropper. On November 5, 2006, he was sentenced to death by hanging.
On December 30, 2006, he was taken to the prison to be executed. The Iraqi government released an official videotape of his execution, showing him being led to the gallows, and ending after his head was in the hangman's noose. International public controversy arose when an unauthorized mobile phone recording of the hanging showed him falling through the trap door of the gallows. The unprofessional and undignified atmosphere of the execution drew criticism around the world from nations that both oppose and support capital punishment. On December 31, 2006, Saddam Hussein's body was returned to his birthplace of Al-Awja, near Tikrit, and was buried near the graves of other family members. Saddam's body was never show
 
 
 

Prior to execution

Two days prior to the execution, a letter written by Saddam appeared on the Ba'ath Party web site. In the letter, he urged the Iraqi people to unite and to not hate the people of countries that invaded Iraq, like the United States, but instead the decision-makers. He said he was ready to die a martyr and he said that this is his death sentence.[2] In the hours before the execution, Saddam ate his last meal of chicken and rice, with a cup of hot water and honey. He then said prayers and read verses from the Qur'an.[3]

Execution

Time and place

Saddam was executed by hanging at approximately 06:00 local time (03:00 GMT) on December 30, 2006, the day Sunni Iraqis begin celebrating Eid al-Adha.[4][5][6] Reports conflict as to the exact time of the execution, with some sources reporting the time as 06:00, 06:05, or some, as late as 06:10.[4][6][7] The execution took place at the joint Iraqi-American military base Camp Justice, located in Kazimain, a north-eastern suburb of Baghdad. Camp Justice was previously used by Saddam as his military intelligence headquarters, then known as Camp Banzai, where Iraqi civilians were taken to be tortured and executed on the same gallows. Contrary to initial reports, Saddam was executed alone, not at the same time as his co-defendants Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, who were executed on January 15, 2007.

Proceedings

A senior Iraqi official who was involved in the events leading to Saddam's death was quoted as saying, "The Americans wanted to delay the execution by 15 days because they weren't keen on having him executed right away. But during the day [before the execution] the prime minister's office provided all the documents they asked for and the Americans changed their minds when they saw the prime minister was very insistent. Then it was just a case of finalizing the details."[8] U.S. military spokesman Maj. Gen. William Caldwell told journalists in Baghdad that after "physical control" of Saddam was given to the Iraqi government, "the multinational force had absolutely no direct involvement with [the execution] whatsoever."[9] There were no U.S. representatives present in the execution room.[10][11]
Reports circulated that Saddam's behavior was "submissive" and that he was carrying the Qur'an he had been keeping with him throughout his trial before his execution. Al-Rubiae, who was a witness to Saddam's execution, described Saddam as repeatedly shouting "down with the invaders."[12] Al-Rubaie reportedly asked Saddam if he had any remorse or fear, to which Saddam replied:
"No, I am a militant and I have no fear for myself. I have spent my life in jihad and fighting aggression. Anyone who takes this route should not be afraid."[13]
Sami al-Askari, a witness to the execution, said, "Before the rope was put around his neck, Saddam shouted, 'Allahu Akbar. The Muslim Ummah will be victorious and Palestine is Arab!'"[14] Saddam also stressed that the Iraqis should fight the American invaders.[15] After the rope was secured, guards shouted various rebukes including "Muqtada! Muqtada! Muqtada!" in reference to Muqtada al-Sadr; Saddam repeated the name mockingly and rebuked the shouts stating, "Do you consider this bravery?"[13][16][17][18][19] A Shi'a version of an Islamic prayer was also recited by some of those present in the room, an apparent sectarian insult against the Sunni Saddam.[20] One observer told Saddam:
"Go to hell!"
Saddam replied,
"The hell that is Iraq?"[21]
Another man asked for quiet, saying,
"Please, stop. The man is facing an execution."
Saddam began to recite the Shahada again. As he neared the end of his second recitation, the platform dropped.[19][22] According to The New York Times, the executioners "cheer their Shi'ite heroes so persistently that one observer [in the execution chambers] makes a remark about how the effort to rein in militias does not seem to be going well."[23] During the drop there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken.[24] After Saddam was suspended for a few minutes, the doctor present listened with a stethoscope for a heartbeat. After he detected none, the rope was cut, and the body was placed in a coffin.[3]

Alleged postmortem stabbings

According to Talal Misrab, the head guard at Saddam's tomb and who also helped in the burial, Saddam was stabbed six times after he was executed. The head of Saddam's tribe, Sheikh Hasan al-Neda, denies this claim. Mowaffak al-Rubaie, Iraq's security advisor, stated, "I oversaw the whole process from A-Z and Saddam Hussein's body was not, not stabbed or mutilated, and he was not humiliated before execution."[25]

Burial

Saddam's body was buried in his birthplace of Al-Awja in Tikrit, Iraq, near family members, including his two sons Uday and Qusay Hussein, on December 31, 2006 at 04:00 local time (01:00 GMT).[26][27][28] His body was transported to Tikrit by a U.S. military helicopter. Saddam was handed over from Iraqi Government possession to Sheikh Ali al-Nida, the late head of the Albu Nasir tribe and governor of Salaheddin, to be buried. He was buried about three kilometers (2 mi) from his two sons in the same cemetery. Saddam's eldest daughter Raghad Hussein, under asylum in Jordan, had asked that "his body be buried in Yemen temporarily until Iraq is liberated and it can be reburied in Iraq", a family spokesperson said by telephone.[29] The family also said his body might be buried in Ramadi, citing safety concerns, though there are no plans to do this.[26]

Media coverage

The primary news source for the execution was the state-run Iraqi television news station Al Iraqiya. A scrolling headline read, "Saddam's execution marks the end of a dark period of Iraq's history." The BBC noted that a doctor, a lawyer, and various officials, were present, and that a video recording of the execution was made.[5] Al Arabiya reported that Saddam's lawyer had confirmed Saddam's death. Al Iraqiya also confirmed his death, whose announcer said, "criminal Saddam was hanged to death ..."[30]
Major news networks carried official video of the moments leading up to Saddam's execution. The Iraqi government also released pictures of Saddam's dead body in a shroud.

Mobile phone video

While officially released footage of the event stopped short of showing the actual execution,[5] an amateur video shot using a camera phone from a staircase leading up to the gallows surfaced, contained low-quality footage of the entire hanging.[22] The amateur footage, unlike the official footage, included sound; witnesses could be heard taunting Saddam at the gallows.[31]
On January 3, 2007, the Iraqi government arrested the guard who they believe made the mobile phone video. However, it was too late to prevent the video from spreading across the internet.[32] Iraqi National Security Advisor Mowaffak al-Rubaie later held a press conference where he announced that three arrests had been made in connection with the investigation into the video recording and leak.[33] A week later, another video surfaced on the Internet, which showed Saddam's body with a large neck wound, creating speculation that the execution had been carried out incorrectly.[34]
In the scene when the trapdoor was opened, an audible crack sounded indicating his broken neck. After the doctor checked his heartbeat using a stethoscope, he replied none. When this footage was shown in the news, media coverage decided to cut the scene of the opening of the trapdoor.

Reaction

Reactions to Saddam's death were varied. Some strongly supported the execution, particularly those personally affected by Saddam's actions as leader. Some of these victims wished to see him brought to trial for his other actions, alleged to have resulted in a much greater number of deaths than those for which he was convicted. Some believed the execution would boost morale in Iraq, while others feared it would incite further violence. Many in the international community supported Saddam being brought to justice, but objected in particular to the use of capital punishment, which is now abolished throughout most of Europe, South America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Saddam's supporters condemned the action as unjust.
"The world will know that Saddam Hussein lived honestly, died honestly, and maintained his principles. He did not lie when he declared his trial null", said Saddam's lawyers in a statement.[4]
A spokeswoman for Saddam's daughters reported, "They felt very proud as they saw their father facing his executioners so bravely."[35] In Amman, the capital of Jordan, Saddam's eldest daughter, Raghad Hussein, joined protests against her father's execution.[36] Protesters expressed sentiment that Saddam is a martyr and that he was the only Arab leader who said no to the United States.[37]
According to reports from an official, there was dancing and Shi'a chants around Saddam's body after the execution took place.[10] Two days after the execution, the Iraqi government launched an inquiry into the taunting and the way the execution was filmed.[38]
United States' forces braced for a backlash of violence in Iraq due to the execution. United States President George W. Bush stated that Saddam's death would not end the violence in Iraq.[39] In Tikrit, Iraq, where Saddam was buried, police barred entrances to and departures from the city for four days as a safety precaution.[40]

Iraqi reaction

Politicians

In a statement, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said, "Justice, in the name of the people, has carried out the death sentence against the criminal Saddam, who faced his fate like all tyrants, frightened and terrified during a hard day which he did not expect."[35] He also stated, "Your generous and pure land has got rid—and for ever—of the filth of the dictator and a black page of Iraq's history has been turned and the tyrant has died."[41] He also said that Saddam Hussein does not represent any group or sect of the Iraqi people.[42]
"[Iraqis] have been waiting for justice to be executed, and I think that Iraqis have received the news that they've been waiting for, for too many years", said Iraqi Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani.[41]
"The execution of Saddam Hussein is a big crime. Saddam Hussein was a prisoner of war and was arrested by the U.S. forces, and not by the Iraqi government. It is a crime with which they wanted to cover up many things", a Sunni politician, Khalaf al-Ulayyan said.[41]
"I don't think it will make much difference because the situation has deteriorated to such an extent that very drastic measures have to be taken to confront the militias and restore law and order", said Adnan Pachachi. "Of course, he has some supporters in Iraq—some of them are armed and they may commit acts of violence and so on—but I don't think it will make much difference, frankly."[41]
The first chief judge who presided over Saddam Hussein's trial, Rizgar Mohammed Amin, has said the execution was illegal, citing the beginning of the Eid al-Adha festival for Iraqi Sunnis, during which executions are banned, and Iraqi law that executions may only be carried out 30 days after the appeal court's decision on the sentencing. The appeals court's December 26, 2006 ruling stated that the sentence was to be carried out within 30 days.[43]
The execution will also prevent trials for other cases, including the chemical weapons attacks on Halabja in 1988.[44] The Center of Halabja against Anfalization and Genocide of the Kurds (CHAK) disapproved of the execution, without having Saddam tried for other cases including the massacre of 8,000 Barzani Kurds in 1983, chemical attacks on Sardasht, the 1988 massacres on Anfal, and other crimes.[45] At the time of his execution, Saddam was on trial, facing charges of genocide at Anfal, which resulted in an estimated 180,000 deaths.[46][47] "Of course, Saddam has committed too many crimes. He deserves for those crimes capital punishment. But so quickly done, so quickly executed ... and only in one case—it would leave the other cases and leave a lot of secrets without being known", said an Iraqi Kurdish politician, Mahmoud Osman.[41]

Populace

Shi'as in Iraq celebrated the execution while Sunni towns saw protests.[4][35] In Sadr City, Basra, and Najaf citizens danced in the streets and honked their car horns with jubilance. In Tikrit, Samarra, and Ramadi, however, there were reports of protests.[35] David MacDougall, a Fox News reporter located in Baghdad, has stated that there has been what is thought to be celebratory gunfire in Baghdad. However, the BBC's correspondent in Baghdad, John Simpson, indicated there had been no more gunfire than is normally heard on the city's streets.
People in Iraq expressed mixed sentiments, with some glad to see the execution carried out. "Now, he is in the garbage of history", said Jawad Abdul-Aziz, a civilian who lost his father, three brothers and 22 cousins because of Saddam.[4] Ali Hamza, a professor in the Shi'a town of Al Diwaniyah said, "Now all the victims’ families will be happy because Saddam got his just sentence."[4] Some were content to see Saddam gone, but expressed concerns about the instability in Iraq. Haider Hamed, a 34-year-old candy store owner in Baghdad and a Shi'a who lost his uncle due to Saddam, commented, "He's gone, but our problems continue. We brought problems on ourselves after Saddam because we began fighting Shi'a on Sunni and Sunni on Shi'a."[1]
Other Iraqis expressed outrage and viewed Saddam as a martyr. "The president, the leader Saddam Hussein is a martyr and God will put him along with other martyrs. Do not be sad nor complain because he has died the death of a holy warrior", said Sheik Yahya al-Attawi, a cleric at a mosque.[4] Protests occurred in Samarra, where Sunnis broke into the Al-Askari Mosque,[48] and a riot broke out at Padush prison in Mosul.[38]

World reaction

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Execution of Saddam Hussein
At the time of Saddam's capture in December 2003, U.S. President George W. Bush expressed his opinion that Saddam deserved "the ultimate justice", alluding to the death penalty.[49] This put the United States at odds with signatory countries to the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 3) and other international treaties that prohibit the death penalty and the extradition of suspects to countries where capital punishment may be carried out.[50]

Opposition

Following the execution of Saddam Hussein, leaders from a handful of countries issued statements. Leaders of India,[51] Cambodia,[52] and Sri Lanka,[53] as well as the presidents of Brazil,[54] and Venezuela expressed opposition to the execution.[55]
Leaders and governments of many European countries also expressed strong disapproval of using capital punishment in this and any case, including Austria,[56] Denmark,[57][58] Finland,[59] Germany,[60] Italy,[41] the Netherlands,[61] Norway,[62] Portugal,[63] Spain,[64] Sweden,[65] and Switzerland[66] and the United Kingdom.[67][68] The European Commissioner for Development aid Louis Michel stated that the execution of Saddam Hussein is against the fundamental principles of the European Union (EU). The EU is against the death penalty, regardless of the crimes committed. "It is not a big day for democracy", Michel stated to the RTBF. "The EU is in fierce opposition to the death penalty and there is no exception to that fundamental principle. Cruelty is not to be answered with cruelty. I believe that there were other possible means to revenge the cruelties committed by Saddam. The death penalty is not the right answer." He feared that the execution of Saddam will have a negative impact and that the former dictator will emerge as a martyr. "You don't fight barbarism with acts that I deem as barbaric. The death penalty is not compatible with democracy", he told Reuters.[69] The Reverend Federico Lombardi, of the Vatican, expressed sadness and disapproval of the death penalty.[70] Chile,[71]Libya,[72] Belgium,[73] Russia,[74] and Serbia[75] expressed disapproval of capital punishment in this and any case, and also expressed concerns about implications of the execution on stability in Iraq.
Hosni Mubarak, the President of Egypt, called the execution shameful and unthinkable, and stated that the execution turned the ex-president into a martyr. "I am not saying whether Saddam did or did not deserve the death penalty. I am also not getting into the question of whether this court is lawful under occupation. I knew they wanted to administer the sentence before the end of the year, but why on the Muslim holiday? People are executed all over the world, but what happened in Baghdad on the first day of Eid al-Adha was unthinkable. I didn't believe it was happening", he said. "In the end, no one will ever forget the circumstances and the way in which Saddam was executed. They turned him into a martyr, and the problems in Iraq remained."[76]
Muammar Gaddafi, Leader of Libya said that "Saddam Hussein was a prisoner of war held by the US occupation forces, and as such should have been tried in the US or Britain, rather than in an Iraqi puppet regime's kangaroo court." Libya declared three days of mourning after Saddam Hussein's death and cancelled public celebrations around the Eid religious holiday.[77][78]
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran said that "The execution of Saddam has proven that trusting the United States is not convenient," referring to the Iran-Iraq war in 1980-88 during which, he alleged, Washington encouraged Saddam in going to war with Tehran but then ousted him from power in 2003 "when he wasn't useful anymore. Countries in the region should learn the lesson and, like Iran, should only trust the will of their people and not corrupt powers."[79]
Mahathir bin Mohamad, Former Prime Minister of Malaysia said "On the Holy day of Eid, the world watched in horror at the barbaric lynching of President Saddam Hussein of Iraq, allegedly for crimes against humanity. This public murder was sanctioned by the War Criminals, President Bush and Prime Minister Blair."[80]
Terry Davis, Secretary General of the Council of Europe, an international organization of which almost all European states are members, made an official statement condemning the execution: "The trial of Saddam Hussein was a missed opportunity ... It was an opportunity for Iraq to join the civilised world. The former Iraqi dictator was a ruthless criminal who deserved to be punished, but it was wrong to kill him. Saddam Hussein is no longer paying for his crimes; he is simply dead ... The death penalty is cruel and barbaric, and I call on the Iraqi authorities to abolish it. It is late, but not too late, for Iraq to join the great majority of civilised and democratic countries in the world who have already abolished the death penalty."[81]
Perhaps one of the most vocal European leaders has been Romano Prodi, the Prime Minister of Italy, who announced that his government would be campaigning at the UN for a worldwide moratorium on the death penalty.[82] A number of Italian political figures and parties have expressed disgust at the execution, and Prodi plans to use Italy's recent admission as a temporary member of the UN Security Council to campaign the General Assembly to adopt a moratorium.
In Turkey, the leader of the main opposition Republican People's Party, Deniz Baykal, expressed sorrow over the execution of Saddam Hussein, saying, "It is impossible to understand the rejoicing of those who put pressure on every country, including Turkey, for years to abolish the death sentence."[83]
Hamas called the execution of Saddam a "political assassination."[84] Saudi Arabia expressed "surprise and dismay" and regretted the "politicisation" of the trial.[85] A "house of condolences" where people can gather to mourn Saddam was opened in Bethlehem. The organizers hung Iraqi flags and pictures of Saddam, and broadcast Iraqi revolutionary songs. Palestinians rallied in other cities for the Iraqi leader as well. A Palestinian street and school has been reported to be named after Saddam Hussein, as well as a youth soccer tournament.[86]
A Reuters reporter based in Afghanistan cited a top Taliban commander saying the death of Saddam Hussein "will boost the morale of Muslims. The jihad in Iraq will be intensified and attacks on invader forces will increase."[87] Fauzan Al Anshori, from the Islamic group of Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia, said Bush, too, should stand trial. "Given the crimes blamed on Saddam, it is unfair if George Bush is not also put before an international tribunal", he said. "Saddam was executed for killing 148 people, Iraqi Shi'a Muslims, while Bush is responsible for the killing of about 600,000 Iraqis since the March 2003 invasion."[88]

Respect and concerns

Many other governments, including Canada,[89] Indonesia,[88] Pakistan,[90] Thailand,[52] and Greece,[91] expressed concerns and wishes for stability in Iraq, without passing judgment on whether or not Saddam should have been executed. Respect for the Iraqi judicial process and the judgment in this case was expressed by many other leaders and government officials, including those of Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China,[92] Japan,[54] the Czech Republic, France,[54] Germany,[60] Iceland,[93] Ireland,[94] the United Kingdom,[95] Australia,[96] and New Zealand.[97]

Support

The Peruvian president, Alan García, expressed approval for the execution of Saddam Hussein: "He deserved the maximum sentence in his country" and was "guilty of genocide" for using chemical weapons against other peoples for their religion or their racial origin. However, García questioned the legitimacy of the process against him, saying, "the trial was made in an occupied country. I don’t know if he was hanged for his crimes or just by the occupying forces."[98] Israel[99] said that Saddam "had brought about his own demise" and Poland expressed approval of the execution.[100] A spokesman for Poland's president said, "justice has been meted out to a criminal who murdered thousands of people in Iraq."[100]
In the United States, President George W. Bush made a statement, "Bringing Saddam Hussein to justice will not end the violence in Iraq, but it is an important milestone on Iraq's course to becoming a democracy that can govern, sustain, and defend itself."[39] Celebration in the United States occurred in at least one location in Dearborn, Michigan, at the corner of Warren and Greenfield, a heavily Shi'a Iraqi-American community.[101]
In Iran, members of the Islamic republic expressed joy at the news of Saddam's execution:``The Iraqi people are the victorious ones, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Hamid Reza Asefi told the Islamic Republic News Agency, while expressing regrets that his trial only focused on one of his crimes and not the one million killed during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88.[102]

Copycat hangings

There were reports of copycat deaths influenced by the media coverage. Sergio Pelico, a 10-year-old boy in Webster, Texas, United States, hanged himself in his bedroom. His mother stated that the boy had previously watched a news report about Saddam's execution and decided to hang himself as a form of experimentation. In Multan, Pakistan, a 9-year-old boy also died apparently copying the televised execution; his 10-year-old sister assisted with the hanging. A 15-year-old girl from Kolkata, India was reported to have hanged herself after becoming extremely depressed by watching the execution. Copycat hangings are blamed for the deaths of seven people worldwide.[103][104]

Non-governmental organizations

  • Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: "All sections of Iraqi society, as well as the wider international community, have an interest in ensuring that a death sentence provided for in Iraqi law is only imposed following a trial and appeal process that is, and is legitimately seen as, fair, credible and impartial. That is especially so in a case as exceptional as this one."[41] – High Commissioner Louise Arbour
  • Human Rights Watch: "Saddam Hussein was responsible for massive human rights violations, but that can't justify giving him the death penalty, which is a cruel and inhuman punishment."[105] "History will judge the deeply flawed Dujail trial and this execution harshly."[41] – Director Richard Dicker
  • Amnesty International USA: "The rushed execution of Saddam Hussein is simply wrong. It signifies justice denied for countless victims who endured unspeakable suffering during his regime, and now have been denied their right to see justice served."[54][106] – Executive Director Larry Cox
  • International Federation of Human Rights: "This death sentence will generate more violence and deepen the cycle of killing for revenge in Iraq. It is primarily a settling of old scores rather than any attempt at a just sentence; the whole process is an affront to the dignity and the rights of victims."[107] – President Sidiki Kaba

Legality

Human Rights Watch issued a statement that the "execution follows a flawed trial and marks a significant step away from the rule of law in Iraq."[105] Amnesty International issued a statement that it "opposed the death penalty in all circumstances but it was especially egregious when this ultimate punishment is imposed after an unfair trial."[108] Two days before the execution, the International Federation of Human Rights released a statement calling Head of State to ensure a moratorium on the death sentence pronounced against Saddam Hussein by hanging." The organization also said Saddam should be treated as a prisoner of war under the Geneva Conventions.[109] Juan Cole said that the execution might lead to more sectarian turmoil. "The trial and execution of Saddam were about revenge, not justice. Instead of promoting national reconciliation, this act of revenge helped Saddam portray himself one last time as a symbol of Sunni Arab resistance, and became one more incitement to sectarian warfare", he said.[110]
Lawyers for Saddam called the trial "a flagrant violation of international law" and plan to continue "using all legal paths available locally and internationally until public opinion gets the truth about this political assassination."[111] In a separate statement, Saddam's American defense lawyer called the execution "an unfortunate display of arrogant aggressor's injustice by the United States of America under the leadership of American President George W. Bush. It sets back achievements in international criminal law many decades and sends a clear message to people all over the world that the United States' aggression cannot be stopped by the law. It is truly a sad day for international justice and sad beginning to a new year."[112]

Reactions in media

Since the release of the amateur video footage of the execution, several commentators have criticized the atmosphere of the hanging. John Simpson of BBC News stated that the execution "is shown to be an ugly, degrading business, which was more reminiscent of a public hanging in the 18th century than a considered act of 21st century official justice."[113] Toby Dodge, an expert on Iraq, of Queen Mary, University of London stated that the showing of the execution on television "conforms to a brutal logic that Saddam Hussein used himself" and went further by saying that "this isn't even victor's justice, this is the tawdry work of an insecure government", particularly since Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki forced through Saddam's execution just four days after the appeals court upheld his conviction.[114] The Times commented in its online edition that, in the moments immediately preceding the hanging, "the scene had begun to resemble a medieval execution or a wild hanging in Texas" amid repeated instances of taunts hurled at Saddam that drowned out the lonely voice of an unidentified person calling for calm in the face of the gravity of the situation.[115] Writing in The Hindu of India, Siddharth Varadarajan compared the filming and circulation of Saddam's execution video to the picture postcards of American lynchings of African-American men that were popular in the Deep South in the early years of the 20th century.[116] John Burns and Marc Santora, writing in The New York Times, described the execution as "a sectarian free-for-all that had the effect, on the video recordings, of making Mr. Hussein, a mass murderer, appear dignified and restrained, and his executioners, representing Shi'ites who were his principal victims, seem like bullying street thugs."[117] The British Pakistani writer Tariq Ali denounced the proceedings, contrasting favorably the trials of Nazi criminals after World War II with the trial of Saddam, "Where Nuremberg was a more dignified application of victor's justice, Saddam's trial has, till now, been the crudest and most grotesque." [118]

Perception of the Iraq government

Following the leaking of a mobile phone footage of Saddam Hussein's execution, along with the detention on January 3, 2007, of a guard under the Justice Ministry headed by a Sunni Iraqi minister Hashim Abderrahman al-Shibli, suspicions have arisen that the ministry may have intended to inflame sectarian tensions.[119] In an interview with La República on January 19, 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr said that the people who were in the room during execution were "people paid to discredit him" and the purpose of the unofficial video was to "make Muqtadá look like the real enemy of the Sunnis."[120]
United States President George W. Bush mentioned on January 4, 2007 that he wished that the execution "had gone on in a more dignified way."[121] Bush later stated, in a January 16, 2007, interview with U.S. television host Jim Lehrer, that Saddam's execution "looked like it was kind of a revenge killing." Bush said he was "disappointed and felt like they fumbled the—particularly the Saddam Hussein—execution. It reinforced doubts in people's minds that the Maliki government and the unity government of Iraq is a serious government. ... And it sent a


 
                             MUAMARY GADAFI HIISTORY
 

Muamar el Gadafi1 —aunque existen otras formas de transliterar su nombre— (en árabe: مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي, tr. Mu‘ammar al-Qaḏḏāfī, pronunciado: Acerca de este sonido /muʕamːar ulqaðːaːfiː/ (?·i); Sirte, 7 de junio de 1942 – ibídem, 20 de octubre de 2011)2 3 fue un militar y político libio que gobernó de facto su país desde el 1 de septiembre de 19694 hasta el día de su asesinato.
Durante su estancia de varias décadas en el poder, promovió lo que para él fueron la ideología y el Estado socialista ideales para el tercer mundo: la «tercera teoría universal» y la «yamahiriya», respectivamente. Aunque desde 1979 oficialmente no ocupó ningún cargo público, se le atribuyó el título honorífico de «líder de la Revolución» o «hermano líder y guía de la Revolución», según declaraciones del gobierno y funcionarios de prensa.5
Gadafi tras titularse como licenciado en Derecho,6 lideró la Revolución del 1 de septiembre en 1969 que derrocó al rey Idris I de Libia, sustituyendo el Reino de Libia por la República Árabe Libia. Como parte de su programa socialista de gobierno, Gadafi nacionalizó en la década de 1970 toda la empresa privada, incluyendo la tierra, la industria petrolera y los bancos, y permitiendo solo los pequeños negocios familiares.7
Por la edad con la que tomó el poder, su imagen de militar rebelde y sus políticas izquierdistas anticolonialistas y antioccidentales y de distribución de la riqueza fue calificado frecuentemente como el «Che Guevara árabe».8 Quiso ser el sucesor del líder egipcio Gamal Abdel Nasser, como cabeza visible del panarabismo y del socialismo árabe e intentó en más de una ocasión, sin éxito, unificar a Libia con alguno de estos países árabes: Egipto, Sudán, Siria e Irak, llegando incluso a formar la Federación de Repúblicas Árabes entre 1972 y 1977. Adicionalmente, Gadafi hizo intentos por unificar Libia con Túnez, Argelia, Marruecos y Chad. Asimismo quiso posicionarse como sucesor del entonces presidente yugoslavo Josip Broz Tito y del político indio Sri Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru dentro del Movimiento de Países No Alineados, para convertirse en el líder de esta organización de Estados tercermundistas no alineados ni con el capitalismo estadounidense ni con el socialismo soviético.
En su ejercicio del poder tuvo varias metamorfosis en su alineación geopolítica. Al inicio de su régimen preservó cierta cercanía con Francia, pero al poco tiempo se alineó con la extinta superpotencia Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas.9 10 Abrazó sucesivamente el panarabismo, el anticapitalismo, el pro-sovietismo, el panislamismo, el intervencionismo belicista y un panafricanismo pacifista que le convirtió en el artífice de la Unión Africana.7 Especialmente en la década de los 80, fue objeto de varios intentos de derrocamiento por parte del gobierno de los Estados Unidos.11 Durante un bombardeo estadounidense a Trípoli, ejecutado en 1986, bajo la administración de Ronald Reagan,8 Hana, la hija de Gadafi, resultó muerta.12 Por otra parte, Gadafi fue beligerante al enviar alrededor de 3000 efectivos militares libios en respaldo del dictador ugandés Idi Amin durante la Guerra Uganda-Tanzania, a fines de los 70. Entre la década de los 70 y 80, Gadafi intervino militarmente en su vecino sureño Chad, ordenó la invasión y anexión de la Franja de Aouzou chadiana debido a sus potenciales depósitos de uranio, y trató de derrocar al entonces presidente Hissène Habré durante la Guerra de los Toyota.
Entre el final de la década de 1990 y el inicio de los años 2000, al abandonar el patrocinio del terrorismo en terceros países y el desarrollo de armas de destrucción masiva,13 ha conseguido la rehabilitación por parte de las potencias occidentales, que sacaron a su país de la categoría de «Estado paria» a la de miembro pleno de la «comunidad internacional», tránsito que se ha saldado con la visita a Trípoli de políticos occidentales de Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Francia, Italia y Alemania. Por esa razón Muamar el Gadafi ha sido calificado tanto de líder hábil y coronel revolucionario e idealista como de dirigente imprevisible, temido y déspota.14 Asimismo para mejorar la situación económica de Libia, Gadafi permitió durante la década del 2000 el ingreso de petroleras extranjeras.7
En febrero de 2011, las protestas de los opositores al gobierno de Gadafi fueron duramente reprimidas, agudizando el conflicto que desembocó en una rebelión de gran escala y un grave conflicto armado. Las tropas opositoras lograron dominar gran parte del territorio libio en unos meses y capturaron la capital el 22 de agosto de 2011, tras lo cual Gadafi huyó a Sirte continuando desde allí un gobierno paralelo al del Consejo Nacional de Transición. Luego de varias semanas sitiado, Gadafi fue herido en combate mientras trataba de escapar y, capturado por los rebeldes, falleció producto de sus heridas el 20 de octubre de 2011.2 3 La ONU ha demandado una investigación sobre su muerte, pues hay bastantes indicios que apuntan que fue asesinado por los soldados rebeldes que le custodiaron después de su detención.15

Contenido

Biografía

Origen y formación

Nació en la ciudad de Sirte en Libia, el 7 de junio de 1942. Su familia pertenecía a un grupo de beduinos (los Qaddafa, del cual procede el apellido Qadafi o Gadafi). Tuvo influencia ideológica panárabe del líder Gamal Abdel Nasser y ello le sirvió para interesarse en la lucha por la justicia social y el socialismo árabe. Estudió Derecho en la Universidad de Libia.16 Ingresó al colegio militar y organizó la Unión de Militares Libres. En 1965 viajó al Reino Unido, donde asistió a cursos de perfeccionamiento.

Revolución del 1 de septiembre

Gadafi con el presidente egipcio Nasser en 1969.
Artículo principal: Revolución del 1 de septiembre.
El lunes 1 de septiembre de 1969 tomó parte en la revolución que derrocó al régimen monárquico del rey Idris. Contando con menos de treinta años de edad, se puso al mando de la Junta Militar, el Consejo del Mando de la Revolución, y anunció los puntos fundamentales de su gobierno:
  1. Neutralidad exterior
  2. Unidad nacional (preámbulo de la unidad árabe).
  3. Prohibición de los partidos políticos
  4. Evacuación de las bases militares británicas y estadounidenses
  5. Explotación de la riqueza petrolera en beneficio del pueblo.
En diciembre del mismo año fue implantada una nueva constitución. Desapareció de la escena pública en los días siguientes a la revuelta; la versión oficial libia dice que estuvo hospitalizado por una apendicitis. Durante esos días en el hospital, conoció a una enfermera que luego se convertiría en su segunda esposa.
Muamar el Gadafi se alejó de las estructuras políticas tradicionales, lo que produjo que las clases aristocráticas de la monarquía lo detestasen. Cuatro meses más tarde de su ascenso al poder, en diciembre de 1969, asiste a la Cumbre de Rabat, en donde se reúne con Nasser, Numeiry y Arafat. Allí, Gadafi propone la formación de un mando militar unificado que sirviera de ayuda a los palestinos en su lucha contra Israel, aunque su propuesta no tuvo éxito. En ese mismo mes de diciembre de 1969, firma junto a Nasser y Numeiry la Carta de Trípoli, en donde se pactan aspectos referidos a la cooperación política y económica.
En interés de la revolución, Gadafi ha ejercido una purga exhaustiva de los opositores tanto potenciales como factuales.
El Coronel Muamar el Gadafi junto al Comisario General José López Rega, quien se desempeñaba como ministro de Bienestar Social durante el tercer gobierno del Teniente General Juan Domingo Perón.

Implantación de un socialismo personal

En 1970 exigió y obtuvo que se retiraran las bases extranjeras y se nacionalizaron algunas empresas petroleras. Se iniciaron los planes agrícolas en la costa del país. Prohibió el consumo de alcohol a cualquier persona dentro de territorio libio y decidió aumentar decididamente la igualdad de la mujer en la sociedad, desafiando al Islam tradicional. El nivel de vida de la población creció rápidamente con los beneficios del petróleo, convirtiendo a Libia en la nación africana con mayor PIB.
Desde 1975 publicó El libro verde en tres volúmenes: La solución del problema de la democracia: el poder del pueblo; La solución del problema económico: el socialismo, y El fundamento social de la Tercera Teoría Universal. Esta obra reflejaba su visión particular de un Estado y pretendía desmarcar a la administración libia de cualquier alineamiento internacional.
El martes 1 de marzo de 1977 proclamaba la Jamahiriya (término árabe que puede traducirse como Estado de las Masas) Árabe Libia Popular y Socialista. El Congreso General Popular asumió el poder legislativo y el Comité General Popular sustituyó al Consejo del Mando Revolucionario en el ejecutivo. Sin embargo, Gadafi conservó realmente el poder.
Durante los años 70 fracasaron varios intentos por crear una unión árabe socialista con Egipto y Siria, en gran parte debido a la muerte temprana del presidente egipcio Nasser, quien fuera la inspiración ideológica más importante para Gadafi. Finalizando esa época Gadafi nombró como asesor económico a un hermano del presidente estadounidense Jimmy Carter,

Cambios en la política exterior

Reunión del G8 con Gadafi como presidente invitado.
Los años 80 están marcados por su intervencionismo en África, su guerra con Chad (país sostenido y mantenido por Francia) y sobre todo por su patrocinio estatal del terrorismo y su enfrentamiento con los Estados Unidos.
La administración Reagan significó una agresión constante y pública en contra de Libia, con el intento de derrocar a Gadafi. En 1981, Estados Unidos ordenó el cierre del consulado libio en Washington y la retirada de todos sus funcionarios, y envió aviones de vigilancia AWACS a la costa oriental libia. El lunes 3 de agosto de 1981, la revista Newsweek publicó que el director de operaciones de la CIA, Max Hogel, presentó un plan de derrocamiento y asesinato de Gadafi. El miércoles 19 de agosto de 1981, 2 aviones de combate tipo F-14 Tomcat del portaaviones John F. Kennedy invadieron el espacio aéreo libio y atacaron dos aviones Sukhoi Su-22 en territorio marítimo de Libia. El lunes 7 de diciembre del mismo año, el Wall Street Journal publicó que el gobierno de Reagan estudiaba varias medidas para debilitar y derrotar al líder libio, y tres días después el propio Reagan dio orden a todos los ciudadanos norteamericanos de salir de Libia lo antes posible.
Durante 1982, EEUU tomó medidas económicas contra Libia, como la prohibición de importación de crudo libio, y restricciones para las exportaciones norteamericanas a Libia. Durante 1983, el gobierno norteamericano prohibió a los estudiantes libios residentes en EEUU estudiar aviación o cualquiera de sus ramas. Reagan también ordenó ese año que sus aliados no negociasen económicamente con Libia.
Estuvo implicado en los atentados de los aeropuertos de Viena y Roma en 1985, los atentados terroristas en la Discoteca La Belle de Berlín en 1986, apoyó a Abu Nidal y tuvo implicación en el Atentado de Lockerbie y el Atentado contra el vuelo UTA 772. En el año 1986 Libia sufrió un ataque norteamericano con misiles, en el que murió su hija Hana. Según algunas investigaciones, ésta no sería hija de Gadafi, sino que él la adoptó después de fallecida.17 El gobierno republicano de Reagan consideraba a Gadafi como un terrorista.
El apoyo de Libia a movimientos revolucionarios y su política antiisraelí provocaron gradualmente durante la década de los 80 el aislamiento del país. Como consecuencia de los acontecimientos internacionales y tomando en cuenta el nuevo orden mundial, Gadafi moderó sus posturas al punto de asegurar que ya no tenía sentido continuar acciones contra Israel.
A partir del año 2000 Libia desarrolló una política de acercamiento internacional. Abandonó su apoyo a los movimientos revolucionarios y se concentró en convertirse en panafricanista (relegando a un segundo plano el nacionalismo árabe) y mantener relativamente buenas o al menos estables relaciones con Occidente.18
En julio de 2002 Gadafi recorrió África viajando con 400 escoltas, 4 aviones, 60 coches blindados y un arsenal entero. El grupo llevó también un buque que le seguía con provisiones.
En el año 2007 Gadafi realizó una visita de carácter mitad privado, mitad oficial a España. Junto a él se desplazó un equipo de aproximadamente 300 personas para el desarrollo logístico del viaje. Destacó el transporte y montaje en los lugares de alojamiento de una "jaima" donde Gadafi se alojó y desarrolló los actos oficiales. Inició su visita de forma privada en Sevilla el 15 de Diciembre, desde ahí se trasladó a Madrid donde fue recibido en la Moncloa por el entonces presidente del gobierno José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, alojándose en el palacio del Pardo donde también hizo montar la jaima. Fue también recibido por el entonces alcalde Alberto Ruiz Gallardón quién le hizo entrega de las llaves de oro de la ciudad. Finalmente almorzó en el Palacio Real con los Reyes de España.19 20

Guerra de Libia de 2011

Artículo principal: Guerra de Libia de 2011.
Durante principios del año 2011, y posterior al derrocamiento de los regímenes en Túnez y Egipto (ambos países fronterizos con Libia), comenzó una serie de disturbios en la capital, Trípoli, que se extendió por el resto de ciudades del país. Dentro del territorio de los manifestantes destacaba la exigencia de que Muamar el Gadafi dejara el poder y se iniciase una serie de reformas en cuanto a los derechos humanos y el derecho a la libre expresión dentro del país. Gadafi prometió no dejar el poder y que si fuese necesario, moriría como mártir de su pueblo. El ex ministro del interior Abdul Fatah Younis, confirmó a los medios de prensa que uno de los asistentes de Gadafi intentó asesinarlo, fallando en el disparo e hiriendo a un tercero.21
El lunes 22 de agosto las tropas rebeldes entran en Trípoli ayudadas por las fuerzas aéreas de la OTAN acorralando al líder libio. La guardia personal de Gaddafi se rendiría, deteniendo además a dos de sus hijos (si bien luego se desmintieron estas capturas).22 23
El martes 23 de agosto después de intensos combates las fuerzas rebeldes logran conquistar Bab al-Azizia, el complejo residencial de Muamar el Gadafi y último baluarte importante de la resistencia gadafista en Trípoli; sin embargo Gadafi no estaba en su residencia y no pudo ser capturado.24 25 26 27 28 Incluso hubo rebeldes que entraron al dormitorio de Gadafi y mostraron las cosas que habían saqueado en él; los saqueos de la residencia de Gadafi y de las mansiones de sus hijos (especialmente la opulenta mansión de su única hija) revelaron el enorme lujo en que vivía toda la familia Gadafi.29 30 31 32 Mientras los combates prosiguen y las fuerzas rebeldes intensifican su búsqueda, se acrecienta el misterio del paradero de Gadafi.33
Después de la caída de Bab al-Azizia la dirección de los rebeldes ha ofrecido una recompensa de 2 millones de dinares libios (1,1 millones de euros o 1,67 millones de dólares) y la amnistía o perdón por cualquier crimen a cualquiera del círculo de Gadafi que mate a Gadafi o lo capture y lo entregue a las fuerzas rebeldes. El dinero para la recompensa será aportado por empresarios libios.34 35 36

Interpol tras Gadafi

La policía internacional Interpol hace una alerta naranja tras Gadafi por planear ataques o estar envuelto en ataques, incluidos bombardeos aéreos en zonas populares. Como consecuencia de todos estos sucesos las Naciones Unidas le han cancelado cualquier tipo de viaje al exterior y han congelado sus cuentas bancarias porque puede ser perjudicial para los ciudadanos de Libia y cualquier país del extranjero.37
El lunes 16 de mayo del 2011 el Fiscal Jefe de la Corte Penal Internacional, Luis Moreno Ocampo, solicitó a los magistrados de esa corte una orden de arresto internacional contra el líder libio Muamar el Gadafi, uno de sus hijos (Saif al Islam Gadafi) y el jefe de la inteligencia libia por delitos de lesa humanidad contra el pueblo libio.38 Al aprobar los magistrados esa solicitud, todos los países de la comunidad internacional (en especial los firmantes del Estatuto de Roma que creó ese tribunal internacional) estaban obligados a cooperar en la detención de Gadafi y en su entrega a la Corte Penal Internacional.
El lunes 27 de junio del 2011 la Corte Penal Internacional aprobó la solicitud de Moreno Ocampo y ordenó el arresto judicial preventivo de Muamar el Gadafi, de su hijo y del jefe de la inteligencia militar libia (cuñado de Gadafi) por presuntos delitos de lesa humanidad contra el pueblo libio. La Corte se preocupó en aclarar que esta decisión no implicaba prejuzgar la culpabilidad del líder libio, ya que la presunción de inocencia se mantenía hasta la realización de un eventual juicio y la sentencia definitiva del mismo; pero que sí había pruebas suficientes como para considerar creíbles las acusaciones y que además la decisión se hacía necesaria para evitar que se siguieran cometiendo los crímenes de lesa humanidad contra civiles libios.39 40
El jueves 8 de septiembre de 2011 el Fiscal Jefe de la CPI, Moreno Ocampo, pidió a la Interpol que emitiera una "circular roja" para obligar a todos los países miembros del organismo policial internacional a ejecutar la orden de arresto internacional de la Corte Penal Internacional contra Gadafi, su hijo y su cuñado y jefe de inteligencia.41 La Interpol atendió la solicitud de cooperación hecha por Moreno Ocampo y al día siguiente viernes 9 de septiembre emitió una circular roja contra Gadafi y los otros dos acusados mencionados en la orden de arresto de la CPI; la orden obligaba a cualquier país miembro a detenerlos sí ingresaban a su territorio, con fines de entrega a la Corte Penal Internacional. La orden o circular roja fue enviada a los 188 países miembros de Interpol.42 43 44

Muerte

Frustración de la huida de Muamar el Gadafi, y captura y asesinato del mismo
La captura y ejecución de Muamar el Gadafi ocurrió el 20 de octubre de 2011 en las afueras de su ciudad natal, Sirte, en Libia, según informó un oficial del Consejo Nacional de Transición (CNT) al canal de televisión catarí Al Jazeera alrededor del mediodía hora UTC. El convoy en el que viajaba el lider libio, tratando de escapar de la ciudad, fue ametrallado desde el aire por aviones de la OTAN. Herido en la cabeza y en una pierna, pero al parecer superficialmente, Gadafi escapó con algunos de sus guardaespaldas y logró esconderse en una tubería donde poco después fue capturado.45 46
Las versiones oficiales del gobierno provisional libio de que Gadafi había sido herido y muerto en un tiroteo, o de que había muerto durante el traslado en ambulancia,47 fueron desmentidas a las pocas horas por la existencia de varios vídeos,48 tomados con teléfonos móviles, que permitían comprobar que, vivo y herido, Gadafi fue zarandeado por una multitud de milicianos del Consejo Nacional de Transición,49 a los que gritaba "No disparen, no disparen" y pedía clemencia,50 lo que no evitó que fuera linchado por sus captores. Las declaraciones a Al Arabiya del forense Ibrahim Tika, que examinó el cadáver, confirmaron la muerte de Gadafi por dos disparos a quemarropa, en el estómago y en la sien.51 Estas oscuras circunstancias motivaron una petición del Alto Comisionado de la ONU para los Derechos Humanos, con sede en Ginebra, para que se realizara una investigación sobre ellas,52 sugerencia que fue rechazada por el nuevo gobierno, considerándola "una provocación", y acusando de paso "la hipocresía de Occidente".53 El 26 de octubre su representante ante la ONU ha vuelto a negar los hechos.54 Por su parte, el Observatorio de los Derechos Humanos denunció también la ejecución en masa de medio centenar de partidarios de Gadafi en un hotel abandonado de Sirte.55
Los rebeldes también asesinaron a sangre fría a su cuarto hijo, Mutassim. Aunque, de nuevo según la versión oficial del CNT, "el hijo de Gadafi fue encontrado muerto en Sirte"[3], han circulado igualmente varios vídeos de él,56 en los que se le ve primero detenido, herido pero en aparente buen estado,57 y más tarde, ya muerto, con las mismas ropas.58
Una vez realizadas la autopsia, el cuerpo de Muamar el Gadafi fue expuesto públicamente por espacio de cuatro días, junto con el de su hijo Mutassim y su ministro de Defensa, Abubakr Yunus, en una cámara frigorífica de la ciudad de Misrata, a continuación de lo cual recibieron un corto rezo familiar. Según anunció el gobierno provisional, al amanecer del 26 de octubre el cadáver de Gadafi fue enterrado por dos miembros del Consejo Nacional de Transición en un lugar desconocido del desierto, para evitar que pueda ser objeto de futuras peregrinaciones de sus seguidores.59
La captura y muerte del líder marcó el fin de la Rebelión en Libia de 2011 y la total liberación del país. El Consejo Nacional de Transición finalmente asumió de manera provisional, oficialmente, el gobierno y el control total del territorio.
Por lo que respecta al hijo mayor de Gadafi, y su previsto sucesor, Saif al Islam Gadafi, aunque el Consejo Nacional de Transición libio también aseguró en un principio que le había capturado, la realidad es que consiguió huir de Sirte el día anterior, o el mismo 20.60 Según sus declaraciones personales, "seguiría liderando la resistencia, y vengaría a su padre",61 aunque el día 26 (pero de nuevo según el CNT) estaría intentando entregarse directamente al Tribunal Penal Internacional de La Haya,62 junto con Abdullah al Senussi, antiguo jefe del servicio secreto libio (cuya falsa captura en Trípoli también había sido anunciada el día 20).63 El día 19 de noviembre de 2011 un grupo de combatientes del Consejo Nacional de Transición le detuvo en la región de Obari, unos 800 km al sur de Trípoli. Saif iba vestido con ropa tuareg acompañado de sus guardaespaldas, y al parecer trataba de huir a Níger; presentaba heridas en una mano, según parece de cuando el ataque áreo del mes anterior. Fue detenido sin oponer resistencia y será llevado a Trípoli. Tras su captura, el primer ministro interino de Libia, Abderrahim al Kib, declaró que: "A pesar de que figura como uno de los símbolos del viejo régimen, será tratado como un prisionero de guerra conforme a las leyes internacionales". El fiscal general de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), Luis Moreno Ocampo, contactó el mismo día con las autoridades libias para garantizar "una solución acorde a la ley" para Saif al Islam: "Iré a Libia para discutir cómo manejamos el asunto. Pero la noticia es que Saif tendrá justicia. Dónde y cómo, eso lo discutiremos", dijo el fiscal a los periodistas.64

Reacciones internacionales

  • Flag of Libya.svg CNT: el portavoz del Consejo, Abdel Hafez Ghoga, declaró oficialmente que:
Anunciamos ante el mundo que Gadafi ha muerto y su cadáver está en manos de los revolucionarios. Este es un momento histórico en el cual se ha puesto fin a la tiranía. La proclamación oficial de la liberación del país se hará próximamente.
  • Bandera de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte OTAN: pese a que el organismo militar internacional no le tiene permitido dar de baja a Gadafi por la resolución 1973 de Naciones Unidas, ha reconocido su papel en el combate de la resistencia del régimen depuesto. En palabras de Anders Fogh Rasmussen asevera que su presencia en Libia se define como:
Oficialmente, no se trataba de Gadafi. Las personas en particular no son objetivo de nuestra misión. Creo que la misión en Libia puede servir de modelo para futuras operaciones de la OTAN. Con Gadafi, es difícil imaginar seguridad para el pueblo libio.
  • Bandera de Unión Europea Unión Europea: para el organismo de integración europea, la muerte de Gadafi representa «el fin de la represión y el camino a emprender hacia un futuro democrático». El primer ministro italiano, Silvio Berlusconi, manifestó que «la guerra ha terminado».
  • Bandera de Unión Europea Unión Europea: Herman van Rompuy: «La muerte de Gadafi marca el fin de una era de despotismo. Que Gadafi muriera en un ataque en Sirte también significa el fin de la represión que el pueblo libio ha sufrido durante demasiado tiempo.»
  • Bandera de los Estados Unidos Estados Unidos: para Hillary Clinton, secretaria de Estado, «aún no han confirmado» por el momento la muerte de Gadafi, y «no garantiza» el final del conflicto interno en Libia.
  • Bandera de los Estados Unidos Barack Obama: «Ustedes han ganado su revolución» dijo a los libios mediante un breve discurso en el Rose Garden de la Casa Blanca.65 Sin embargo, unos días después, el 25 de octubre, conocidos mejor los detalles, declara en una entrevista a la NBC:
«No fue algo agradable... Yo creo que es necesario cierto decoro en el trato de la muerte, incluso de alguien que ha hecho cosas tan terribles».66
  • Bandera de Venezuela Hugo Chávez: «Lo recordaremos como un guerrero, un líder revolucionario y ahora un mártir...» dijo el mandatario venezolano al enterarse de la muerte de Gadafi.67
  • Bandera de Chile Alfredo Moreno: «Nadie puede alegrarse por la muerte de nadie. Él era ya una persona buscada por la Corte Penal Internacional y hubiera sido mejor que hubiera estado frente a los tribunales, pero estas son las cosas que suceden cuando hay una guerra», manifestó el canciller chileno.
  • Flag of Albania.svg Bamir Topi: El presidente de Albania felicitó a los rebeldes por la eliminación del exlíder Muamar Gadafi, ya que esto representa el fin de las hostilidades en Libia y el inicio de una nueva era, según dijo el presidente.
  • Bandera de Hungría: El canciller de Hungría declaró que la muerte de Gadafi ponía fin a cuatro décadas de tiranía, asimismo pedía que las fuerzas extranjeras se retiraran de Libia para iniciar la reconstrucción del país.
  • Bandera de Zimbabue Cairo Mhandu: El portavoz del presidente Robert Mugabe expresó "Es un día triste para el pueblo libio y para toda África, un gran líder nos ha dejado." Así mismo declaró que abogaba por la paz en Libia: "Esperamos que las alianzas internacionales se retiren pronto de Libia para que el país inicie su reconstrucción.
  • Bandera de España España: La ministra de Asuntos Exteriores Trinidad Jiménez ha apelado a la reconciliación y ha ofrecido la asistencia española en el próximo proceso de paz libio. Así mismo, instó a los responsables de crímenes a rendir cuentas.68
  • Bandera del Reino Unido Reino Unido: El primer ministro David Cameron declaró: "Deberíamos recordar a los muchos, muchos libios que murieron en manos del brutal dictador y su régimen" y que "la gente de Libia tiene hoy una oportunidad incluso mayor, después de esta noticia, de construir ellos mismos un sólido y democrático futuro". Así mismo, el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores William Hague lamentó que Gaddafi fuese asesinado antes de que pudiese ser llevado a juicio: "Nosotros no aprobamos las ejecuciones extrajudiciales".69
  • Bandera de Rusia Rusia: El máximo responsable del Comité de Asuntos Exteriores ruso Mikhail Margelov advirtió que la guerra podría continuar a pesar de la muerte de Gaddafi.70
  • Bandera de Turquía Turquía: El ministro de Exteriores Ahmet Davutoğlu declaró: "El destino de Gaddafi y su régimen constituye una amarga lección que debería ser revisada cuidadosamente con respecto a los movimientos de cambio y transformación en la región".
  • Bandera de Brasil Brasil: La presidenta Dilma Rousseff declaró: "Pienso que Libia va a vivir un proceso de transformación democrática. De todas formas, eso no significa que debamos celebrar la muerte de un líder. El hecho de que Libia vaya a pasar por un proceso democrático no debería ser "celebrado", sino apoyado e incentivado y, de hecho, lo que deseamos es que [todos] los países tengan la capacidad, por ellos mismos, de vivir en paz y democracia".71

Reacciones en las redes sociales y en Libia

La noticia rápidamente ha escalado los medios sociales de Internet como Twitter, haciéndose rápidamente «Tema del momento» en todo el planeta.72 Aunque muchos dudaron al principio de la noticia, se percataron que era cierta cuando medios de comunicación cercanos al suceso como Al Jazeera transmitieron perturbadoras imágenes de Gadafi antes de morir y después de su muerte. En Libia se transmitieron imágenes de como los ciudadanos «disparaban al aire» celebrando la muerte del dictador, en los puertos los barcos hacían sonar sus sirenas en señal de victoria.73 El portavoz del Consejo Nacional de Transición dijo:
Debemos celebrar con cautela, hemos capturado a un «Pez Gordo» los ciudadanos deben saber que esto es un triunfo para el pueblo libio pero que se debe festejar con precaución y evitar los disparos al aire, ya en Trípoli tenemos 21 muertes.74
Makbuq Chanaán, vocero del CNT

Nombre

Muammar al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg
El líder libio fue registrado al nacer como Mulazim Awwal Mu’ammar Muhammad Abu Monyar al-Qadhafi.75 A veces transcrito como Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi. En la traducción al inglés de su testamento aparecía como Muammar bin Mohammad bin Abdussalam bi Humayd bin Abu Manyar bin Humayd bin Nayil al Fuhsi Gaddafi.76
Debido a que no existe un criterio unificado sobre la transliteración del idioma árabe, son comunes muchas formas distintas de escribir su nombre. En 2004, el Evening Standard de Londres enlistó 37 formas distintas de escribir el apellido del jefe africano, pero la cadena ABC News difundió posteriormente una nómina de 112 formas de escribirlo. La Biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos utiliza la forma Al-Qadhdhaafi, mientras la Fundación del Español Urgente recomienda Muamar el Gadafi.75 El sitio web oficioso del libio lo escribía para los angloparlantes y germanoparlantes como Al Gathafi, para los francoparlantes Khadafi y para los hispanoparlantes Al Gadafi.77
Las variaciones sobre su nombre común se explican por la diferencia sonora de la siguiente manera:
{\color{OliveGreen}M \begin{cases}u\\o\\ou\end{cases} \begin{cases}\varnothing\\'\end{cases} \begin{cases}\varnothing\\a\end{cases} \begin{cases}mm\\m\end{cases} a r} ~~~~ {\color{MidnightBlue}\begin{cases}Al\\al\\El\\el\\\varnothing\end{cases} \begin{cases}-\\\textvisiblespace\\\varnothing\end{cases}} {\color{RedViolet}\begin{cases}Q\\G\\K\\Kh\end{cases} a \begin{cases}d\\dh\\dd\\dhdh\\th\\zz\end{cases} a \begin{cases}f\\ff\end{cases} \begin{cases}i\\y\end{cases}}

Críticas y oposición a Gadafi

Durante décadas ha sido acusado de patrocinar el terrorismo y la insurgencia armada en terceros países dando financiamiento a organizaciones de orientación anticapitalista revolucionaria, como las FARC en Colombia, el IRA en Irlanda y ETA en España, así como apoyando a las organizaciones terroristas palestinas contra Israel.78 8 Entre los atentados terroristas en los que Gadafi es acusado de estar involucrado se encuentran la Masacre de Múnich en 1972, la bomba en la discoteca berlinesa La Belle en 1986, el derribo del Vuelo 103 de Pan Am en 1988 y del Vuelo 772 de UTA en 1989.78 Su propósito, desestabilizar las naciones y derrocar los gobiernos afines a Occidente.78 8 Asimismo desarrolló dentro de Libia armas de destrucción masiva.8 13
En octubre de 1993 integrantes del ejército libio realizaron tres intentos fallidos de asesinar a Gadafi. En julio de 1996 hubo sangrientos alzamientos tras un partido de fútbol en protesta contra Gadafi.
Los grupos que se oponían a Gadafi incluyen:
  • La Conferencia Nacional de Oposición Libia
  • El Frente Nacional por la Salvación de Libia
  • El Comité por la Acción Nacional Libia en Europa
Un sitio web establecido en el 2006 enumera los nombres de 343 víctimas de asesinato político en Libia y pujan por el derrocamiento de Gadafi.79 La Liga Libia por los Derechos Humanos, con sede en Ginebra, le pidió a Gadafi que establezca una comisión independiente para investigar los alzamientos de Bengasi de 2006 que dejaron un saldo de 30 libios y extranjeros muertos.
Fathi Eljahmi, uno de los disidentes más destacados, ha estado encarcelado desde el 2002.
Durante la rebelión de Libia de 2011, comenzaron una serie de disturbios en los que se exigía que Muamar el Gadafi dejara el poder y se iniciase una serie de reformas en cuanto a los derechos humanos y el derecho a la libre expresión dentro del país. Gadafi prometió no dejar el poder y que si fuese necesario, moriría como mártir de su pueblo. Esta rebelión desencadenó una guerra civil que acabó con la victoria rebelde y la propia muerte de Muamar el Gadafi.

Reconocimientos

Familia Gadafi

El coronel Gadafi tiene seis hijos vivos, el recuento total (incluyendo adoptados) es el siguiente:
  1. Muhammad el Gadafi (1970) es apasionado por el fútbol y carece de interés por la política. Único hijo de su primer matrimonio. En el exilio en Argelia desde agosto de 2011.94
  2. Saif al Islam Gadafi (1972) designado por su padre como su único sucesor legítimo. Posee un grupo de medios informativos que incluye televisiones por satélite y periódicos de capital privado. Muy abierto a Occidente.
  3. Al-Saadi el Gadafi (1973) coronel y jefe de las fuerzas armadas libias. Mantiene buenas relaciones con Muhammad VI de Marruecos y Abdalá II de Jordania. Futbolista retirado de la Serie A italiana.
  4. Aisha el Gadafi (o Ayesha el Gadafi)(1976) única hija viva y teniente general del Ejército, quien usa vestimenta moderna occidental, estudia en la Universidad para obtener el doctorado y es opositora al "imperialismo estadounidense". Defendió a Saddam Hussein. En el exilio en Argelia desde agosto de 2011.94
  5. Hanibal el Gadafi (1975) consultor en la agencia de transporte de combustible quien fue detenido, junto con su esposa, en Suiza el jueves 17 de julio de 2008, acusado de maltratar a dos empleadas domésticas. Este incidente provocó a finales de julio de 2008 que el coronel Gadafi suspendiera la venta de petróleo crudo a Suiza, tras las manifestaciones populares de espontáneos libios frente a la Embajada de Suiza en Trípoli para exigir una disculpa del Gobierno suizo. En el exilio en Argelia desde agosto de 2011.94
  6. Moatassem Gadafi (1977-2011) asesor en seguridad nacional, capturado durante la Batalla de Sirte y ejecutado el 20 de octubre de 2011.
  7. Saif al Arab (1982-2011) pasaba mucho tiempo en Alemania. Saif al-Arab Gadafi de 29 años de edad, falleció el 30 de abril en Trípoli en un ataque aéreo de la OTAN según portavoces del gobierno libio, (también perdieron la vida tres de los nietos del líder libio).95
  8. Khamis Gadafi (1983-2011) capitán del Ejército y "declarado muerto" en una ofensiva llevada a cabo durante la noche del jueves 4 al viernes 5 de agosto de 2011 por la OTAN en la ciudad de Zliten. Era el líder de la brigada policial Jamis (una unidad de élite), encargada de la defensa de Trípoli, lo que hacía de él una pieza clave en la defensa del régimen de su padre. Fue descrito por diplomáticos estadounidenses como el mejor hombre de las fuerzas armadas de Libia. Apareció en activo en la televisión libia el martes 9 de agosto del 2011.96 El martes 23 de agosto de 2011 Al Jazeera informó de que podría haber sido hallado su cadáver. A finales de agosto tanto medios occidentales como árabes confirman que Jamis fue muerto por los rebeldes posiblemente el lunes 29 de agosto de 2011.
  9. Milad el Gadafi, un sobrino adoptado.
  10. Hana el Gadafi, hija adoptada, murió supuestamente en un bombardeo de Estados Unidos en 1986. Aunque, tras la caída de Gadafi se han encontrado en su residencia videos domésticos de 1989, en donde aparece Hana.

                               TANZANIA PARIAMENT


 


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                                             MISS TANZANIA 2005


Tumwelekeze Miss Tanzania nini cha kufanya duniani  Send to a friend
Saturday, 18 September 2010 10:00
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Festo Polea
MASHINDANO ya kumsaka mrembo wa dunia kwa mwaka huu yanatarajiwa kufanyika Oktoba 30, mwaka 2010 katika mji wa Sanya ulioko katika Jimbo la Hainan nchini China.

Kama kawaida Tanzania itakuwa mshiriki na mara hii itawakilishwa na Genevieve Emmanuel Mpangala anayeshikilia taji hilo kwa mwaka huu baada ya kuwabwaga warembo wenzake 29 waliokuwa wakiwania tunzo hiyo na uwakilishi wa nchi katika mashindano hayo makubwa ya urembo duniani.
Mashindano hayo kwa ngazi ya dunia yamewahi kufanyika katika miji tofauti baadhi yao ikiwa London, Uingereza baada ya kuhamishwa kutoka mji wa Abuja nchini Nigeria.

Pia, yamefanyika nchini katika mji wa Sanya nchini China ambapo kwa mwaka huu yanatejeaa mjini humo tena nchini humo baada ya shindano hilo kuwahi kufanyika kwa nyakati tofauti katika visiwa vya Mahe na Baie Lazare huko Ushelisheli.

Licha ya kufanyika katika maeneo mbalimbali, pia baadhi ya walioshikilia taji hilo ni Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir kutoka  Iceland, Maria Julia Mantilla Garcia wa Peru, Azra Akin mrembo wa Uturuki, Diana Hayden  akiiwakilisha India na Linor Abargil, Myahudi wa Israel.

Wengi tunaweza kuwa tukiulizana, mbona jina la Mtanzania halimo katika orodha ya warembo wa dunia, ingawa tuna historia ya kupata furaha katika tasnia hiyo ya urembo mwaka 2005 ambapo aliyekuwa Miss Tanzania mwaka huo, Nancy Abraham Sumari alishinda taji la Miss World Africa lililotokana na utaratibu wa kutoa washindi kwa mabara.

Washiriki wengine kwa miaka yote kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi 2009 ukitoa mwaka 2005 ambapo Nancy aliibuka kidedea kwa kutwaa taji hilo la dunia la Afrika wameshindwa kufanya vizuri kwenye michuano ya dunia na badala yake kuibuka na sababu  mbalimbali, zikiwemo za maandalizi mabovu waliyoyapata kutoka kwa kamati zao za urembo kwa miaka yao huku wengine wakifarijika kwa kupata mikataba ya kuonyesha mavazi na mingineyo inayohusu urembo ndani na nje ya nchi.
Najua tukianza kuangalia washiriki wetu kwenye mashindano hayo kwa sura, Watanzania tunaweza kuongoza sasa kwa nini hatupati urembo wa dunia lazima kutakuwa na vitu vinavyokosekana.

Hivyo ndivyo vinavyotakiwa kuwekwa wazi na kufanyiwa marekebisho ili tuweze kufanikiwa na siku moja tuibuke na taji la Miss Dunia nchini na tuondokane na usindikizaji na kuwa watalii.

Swali la kujiuliza wakati wa kumwandaa Genevieve ni kwa nini warembo wetu wanashindwa katika mashindano ya dunia?

Tujiulize, nini cha ziada  hasa nini kinachotakiwa kuonyeshwa huko? Viongozi mnaoambata nao wakati wa mashindano, jitokezeni na tuelezeni tatizo hasa ni nini ili lirekebishwe na tufikie mafanikio tunayoyataka.

Ili historia ya Nancy Sumari ijirudie kwa Tanzania kunyakua mataji hayo makubwa ya dunia, lazima mambo kadhaa yafanyike kwa ushirikiano kati ya Kamati ya Miss Tanzania wadau waurembo na Watanzania kwa ujumla ambapo kwa pamoja kuwepo na uwezekano wa kutolewa kwa maoni ya nini cha kufanya kwa mrembo wetu katika mashindano hayo huku kamati ikiweka utaratibu wa kupokea maoni na ushauri huo na kisha kuufanyia kazi.

Sitaki kuamini kuwa warembo walioshindwa katika kinyang’anyiro hicho wanashindwa kuwaelekeza wenzao walivyoshindwa, eti kwa fikra kuwa wenzao watashinda, naamini kuwa wadau wa urembo wanavyo vitu vya kumueleza Genevieve mapema ili aweze kutuwakilisha vizuri nchini China na kuachana na kusubiri kutoa visingizio kupitia vyombo vya habari baada ya kushindwa.

Pia, kamati hiyo ya Miss Tanzania ione ulazima wa kuwakutanisha warembo waliowahi kuwa washindi wa Miss Tazania kwa miaka tofauti ili watumike katika kutoa ushauri wa nini kifanyike ili kuweza kuibuka na ushindi katika mashindano hayo kwa kuwa wao wanajua siri ya kushinda na kupitia upungufu uliowafanya washindwe.
Bila kufanya hivyo, naamini mrembo wetu atakwenda kufanya kile kilichofanywa na wale waliomtangulia na matokeo yake atashindwa kama wenzake kwa kuwa hakutakuwa na kitu kipya.

Na huu ndiyo wakati mzuri wa kumsaidia Miss Tznania kumwonyesha mwanga wa kuelekea katika kushindana duniani na kama tuna mpango wa kuunda tume, tuunde sasa za kuchunguza siri ya mafanikio na si zile za kumtafuta mchawi baada ya kushindwa.

Ninawaunga mkono wadau waliomshauri Miss Tanzania kutokuona haya wala woga kuzungumza Kiswahili pindi atakapokuwa katika mashindano kama ataona lugha hiyo itamfanya kuwa huru ili aweze kutambulika vyema na mataifa mengine kwa kuwa wafasiri wa lugha wapo na warembo wengi waliotumia lugha za nchi zao wameweza kushinda, hivyo si dhambi kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili katika kujinadi na maliasili za nchi yako.

Licha ya Genevieve ambaye ni mtoto wa Ilala-Maghorofani ambaye katika kinyang’anyiro hicho amepitia wilaya ya Temeke baada ya kuwa Miss Chang’ombe alifuatiwa na Gloria Sanya kutoka Arusha na watatu ni Miss Ilala wa mwaka huu, Consolata Lukosi ambaye pia ndiye balozi wa kinywaji cha Redd's anatambua wajibu wake kama mwakilishi wa Tanzania si kanda au mkoa tena.

Ninawapongeza na wengine walioingia katika tano bora ambao ni Beatrice Premsingh na Pendo Sam.

Warembo wengine akiwemo Flora Florence wa Kanda ya Mashariki kutoka  Morogoro, alinyakua taji la mrembo mwenye kipaji ambapo, Britney Urassa wa Temeke alishinda ofa ya masomo katika Chuo cha urembo kiitwacho Pure Academy na Salma Mwakalukwa wa Ilala akajinyakulia taji la Balozi wa Utalii wa Ndani.

Shindano la kumsaka mrembo wa Dunia (Miss World) kwa mara ya kwanza lilifanyika mwaka 1951, hadi mwaka huu ni miaka 60 na limefanyika kwa mara nne nchini China. na hivyo Genevieve ajiandike katika kitabu cha historia kwa kufanya vizuri duniani.

Ni vyema, wenzake  waliotwaa taji la Miss Tanzania tangu kuanza mashindano hayo mwaka 1994,  Aina Maeda (1994), Emily Adolf (1995), Shose Sinare (1996), Saida Kessy (1997), Basila Mwanukuzi (1998), Hoyce Temu (1999) na Jacqueline Ntuyabaliwe (2000).

Pia, Happiness Magesse (2001), Angela Damas (2002), Sylvia Bahame (2003), Faraja Kotta (2004), Nancy Sumary (2005), Wema Sepetu (2006), Richa Adhia (2007), Nasreem Karim (2008) na Miriam Gerald (2009) wana wajibu wa kumfunda mwenzao afanya vyema.

Festo Polea ni mwandishi wa habari wa gazeti la Mwananchi. Maoni/ushauri 0755-625042- email: fstpolea@yahoo.com


 
zó la candidatura de sucesor del seno del partido gobernante h
 
 
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